If you’re not familiar with the bond vigilantes, now is an excellent time to catch up.

The phrase was coined by economist and market analyst Ed Yardeni back in the 1980s to describe bond investors who sell bonds en masse because they dislike certain monetary or fiscal policies. That sell-off drives bond prices down and yields — which move in the opposite direction of prices — higher.

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Higher yields make government borrowing more expensive. That can force the federal government or the Federal Reserve to alter policies to appease bond investors and bring yields back down, because higher yields affect the entire economy, including the stock market.

In fact, this has happened many times in U.S. history. The bond market is famously credited with forcing fiscal restraint on the Clinton administration in the 1990s, helping to turn annual budget deficits into brief surpluses.

That sort of thing is why Clinton political advisor James Carville famously remarked that he wanted to be reincarnated not as the pope or a star baseball player, but as the bond market, because it can intimidate anyone.

Bond investors are reacting to surging inflation

Well, the bond vigilantes reemerged in recent days, selling Treasury securities and driving up yields. Earlier this week, the 30-year Treasury bond climbed to its highest level since 2007. The 10-year Treasury yield — which sets borrowing rates for mortgages, car loans, and credit cards — climbed to its highest level since January 2025.

It’s widely believed this bond market activity is in reaction to surging inflation, which rose to 3.8% year over year in April, the highest inflation rate since May 2023, and what bond investors see as the Fed’s inappropriate response to it. The Fed’s interest-rate-setting committee maintained an easing bias in its April statement, indicating it is leaning toward a rate cut in the coming months, which would only drive inflation higher.

“The Bond Vigilantes are threatening that if the Fed doesn’t tighten credit conditions, they will do so to maintain law and order in the economy!” Yardeni wrote in a note on Tuesday. Yardeni now believes the bond market’s reaction will force the Fed to adopt a tightening bias at its June meeting and then hike its target interest rate at its July meeting.