Plastic pollution has emerged as a critical environmental issue in Bangladesh, exacerbated by rapid urbanization, inadequate waste management infrastructure, and a lack of widespread recycling practices. With increasing plastic waste generation, especially in urban centers like Dhaka and Chattogram, the country faces dire environmental and health consequences. As the problem grows, the need for a sustainable solution to manage plastic waste has never been more urgent.

By Md Biozid Jessorey

Rising Plastic Waste and the Role of Urbanization

Bangladesh’s urban population is steadily increasing, leading to a surge in waste generation. According to research by Waste Concern, the growth of urban populations correlates directly with the rise in waste production. The country’s largest city, Dhaka, produces a significant portion of the national waste, followed by Chattogram, the second-largest city. As of 2020, Dhaka’s daily waste production stood at 6,646 tons, with plastic waste constituting 10% of that figure. However, less than half of this plastic waste is recycled, while a staggering 48% ends up in landfills or is dumped into rivers, drains, and other open spaces.

This surge in plastic waste is not only a concern for Bangladesh but also a global environmental issue. While the country may produce less plastic waste than larger nations like China or India, its lack of a robust recycling system makes the issue particularly dire. Furthermore, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated plastic pollution, as single-use plastics became widely used in response to fears of virus transmission. During the pandemic, plastic waste, particularly from polythene bags and disposable utensils, skyrocketed.

Plastic Waste in Chattogram: A Growing Crisis

The second-largest city, Chattogram, is also grappling with plastic pollution. A study by the Department of Civil Engineering at Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology revealed that the city generates 249 tons of plastic waste daily. This number is expected to increase to 428 tons per day by 2052 if current trends continue. A significant portion of this waste remains uncollected, with 56% of it not reaching waste management systems.

This growing plastic waste crisis in Chattogram is reflective of a broader trend in Bangladesh. According to the World Bank, Bangladesh is one of the top countries in terms of plastic pollution due to inadequate waste management systems. The annual per capita plastic consumption in Dhaka alone stands at 22.25 kg, more than three times the national average for urban areas.

Environmental Impact of Plastic Pollution

The environmental implications of plastic waste are severe. Plastics are made from natural resources like coal, salt, and crude oil, and they release harmful greenhouse gases such as ethylene and methane when exposed to sunlight. These gases contribute to the warming of the planet, creating a vicious cycle where plastic waste accelerates climate change and vice versa. Moreover, plastics do not biodegrade naturally, which means they persist in the environment for hundreds of years, harming wildlife and contaminating ecosystems.

The improper disposal of plastic waste—whether in landfills, rivers, or oceans—also leads to clogged waterways, flooding, and the spread of diseases. For a country like Bangladesh, which is prone to natural disasters and has a densely packed population, these environmental challenges are particularly devastating.

The National Response: A Circular Economy Approach

Recognizing the urgency of addressing plastic pollution, the government of Bangladesh has taken steps to mitigate the issue. In 2002, the country became the first to ban thin plastic shopping bags, and in 2020, a High Court directive prohibited the use of single-use plastics in coastal areas and certain hotels. The government has also introduced the National Action Plan for Sustainable Plastic Management, which is based on the 3R approach: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. The plan aims to recycle 50% of plastic waste by 2025, phase out 90% of single-use plastics by 2026, and reduce overall plastic waste generation by 30% by 2030.

Despite these efforts, enforcement remains a challenge. Many of the policies are not fully implemented, and the government alone cannot address the problem. The private sector plays a significant role in plastic production, packaging, and waste generation, making it essential for businesses to take responsibility for their environmental impact.

The Role of the Private Sector

The private sector is a key player in the plastic waste crisis. While some large multinational companies in Bangladesh are taking steps to reduce plastic waste—such as setting targets to use recycled plastics or participating in coastal cleanup initiatives—smaller businesses often fail to recognize the environmental consequences of their actions. These smaller operations, especially those involved in low-cost plastic production, often operate in substandard conditions, contributing to waste without any regard for recycling or disposal.

To address this, the government needs to work closely with the private sector to develop policies that promote sustainable production practices and waste reduction. Encouraging businesses to adopt the 3R approach, offering incentives for compliance, and creating a reward system for companies that meet recycling targets could help foster a more sustainable business environment.

Grassroots Initiatives: A Ray of Hope

In northern Bangladesh, plastic recycling businesses have thrived, driven by grassroots leadership and local initiatives. With around 1,000 plastic recycling factories operating across eight districts, these local businesses have shown that with the right awareness and will, significant progress can be made in reducing plastic waste. However, for these businesses to scale up and reach their full potential, the government must provide policy support and incentives.

Moving Forward: An Inclusive Approach

To successfully combat plastic pollution, Bangladesh must adopt a more inclusive approach to waste management. This includes fostering collaboration between the government, private sector, and local communities. Policymakers need to create micro plans under the National Action Plan for Sustainable Plastic Management, which should include clear roles for each stakeholder. Reward mechanisms, such as tax exemptions or other business incentives for compliant companies, could encourage participation.

In conclusion, the plastic pollution crisis in Bangladesh is an urgent issue that requires immediate action. While the government has made significant strides, and some businesses are stepping up to the challenge, a coordinated, holistic effort involving all sectors of society is essential to reduce plastic waste. By embracing the 3R approach and promoting sustainable practices, Bangladesh can take meaningful steps toward tackling its plastic pollution problem and safeguarding the environment for future generations.

Mr. Md Biozid Jessorey is a dynamic motivational speaker, trainer, youth leader, and academician with extensive experience in both Bangladeshi and German universities, including Primeasia University, the University of Kaiserslautern, and the University of Kiel. He has also worked with various national and international NGOs such as Amnesty International and UNICEF. Biozid specializes in nuclear safety, youth development, climate change, and genetics, and is the author of the financial literacy book “Sohjei E-Commerce.” He holds certifications as an e-commerce and SME policy expert from the United Nations World Trade Organization and as an IAEA safety standard expert from the International Atomic Energy Agency. Biozid has led significant initiatives like the Union Math Festival and youth leadership development in Bangladesh, earning recognition from media outlets like BBC World and DW. A humanist and nonviolence activist since 2008, he believes true change comes from within the community. Growing up in the climate-affected city of Khulna, he enjoys meeting new people and embracing diverse perspectives.